I now have a semiannual column in the Notices of the American Mathematical Society! I’m excited: it gives me a chance to write short explanations of cool math topics and get them read by up to 30,000 mathematicians. It’s sort of like This Week’s Finds on steroids.
Here’s the first one:
• The tenfold way, Notices Amer. Math. Soc. 67 (November 2020), 1599–1601.
The tenfold way became important in physics around 2010: it implies that there are ten fundamentally different kinds of matter. But it goes back to 1964, when C. T. C. Wall classified real ‘super division algebras’. He found that besides and which give ‘purely even’ super division algebras, there are seven more. He also showed that these ten algebras are all real or complex Clifford algebras. The eight real ones represent all eight Morita equivalence classes of real Clifford algebras, and the two complex ones do the same for the complex Clifford algebras. The tenfold way thus unites real and complex Bott periodicity.
In my article I explain what a ‘super division algebra’ is, give a quick proof that there are ten real super division algebras, and say a bit about how they show up in quantum mechanics and geometry.
For a lot more about the tenfold way, try this:
Wow! Congrats! looking forward to many exciting columns!
Thanks!
Why are 1 and 0, but not −1, the only options for S? It seems to me that the DIII and CI rows should have −1 in the S column, and there should be an additional row, similar to AIII, still with 0 in the T and C columns, but now with −1 in the S column.
I haven’t thought about this recently, but the basic idea is that the unlisted options you mention are equivalent to options that are listed. Here’s an analogous issue: when we have a solution of
in a complex algebra we can easily turn it into a solution of
just by multiplying by . But in a real algebra we can’t do this trick. If you go to my section “Ten kinds of matter, revisited” you’ll see more details about this.
You can see this sort of thing in a distilled way in my proof that there are 10 real super division algebras: when there’s a square root of around that commutes with we can convert solutions of into solutions of (or vice versa) so the number of non-isomorphic possibilities decreases.
So T and C live over the real numbers, but S only lives over the complex numbers, where 1 and −1 are equivalent in this way? Or am I taking the analogy too literally?
I looked at my webpage and here’s what it said about your question:
I should have just assumed for some phase and shown that by redefining multiplying it by a suitable phase, we can always achieve I’ve fixed my webpage so it does that.
I haven't gotten that far in the web page, but this makes sense. Ultimately, what makes S different is that it's unitary instead of antiunitary.
Which I guess is sort of saying that T and C live over the real numbers while S lives over the complex numbers. T and C are real-linear, but only S is complex-linear.
Right. Ordinary quantum mechanics involves a curious mix of real-linear and complex-linear stuff, and quaternionic-linear stuff as well. The three-fold way and ten-fold way are ways of bringing this to the surface.
wow i’ve only heard of eightfold way
Fantastic!! Congratulations!!
Charlie
Thanks!
Nice article, John. I wondered why you did not cite Kitaev as well as Ryu et al. Is it because Kitaev’s paper was not published in a journal? https://arxiv.org/abs/0901.2686
I don’t think I knew about that paper. It has nothing to do with it not being in a journal.
Thanks! Someday I’d like to write a more detailed paper on math connected to the tenfold way, and then I can cite this.